Miniature air launched decoys （MALD） can trick ground air defense radar into turning on and consume air defense ammunition， significantly reducing the effectiveness of air defense operations and improving aircraft formation penetration capability. After summarizing the development of MALDs， this paper analyzes the target characteristics of MALD and constructs typical operational scenarios. The influence of MALD on the detection and tracking performance and the interception efficiency of guidance radar is analyzed. The influence of long-range deception and closed jamming on guidance radar by MALD are studied through theoretical analysis and dynamic simulation. The influences of several factors on aircraft formation penetration efficiency are investigated based on queuing theory. The research conclusion can provide a theoretical reference for MALD operation.

Integrated air and missile defense battle command system（IBCS）is not only the core system to support the force transformation and operation-concept development of U.S. Air Defense Artillery（ADA）， but also an important platform for deep integration of multi-domain and multi-type air & missile defense combat elements. The base-line version of IBCS began to deliver ADA in 2022. Based on the previous general research， the system component， equipment function， association relationship and troop configuration of IBCS are analyzed. It is pointed out that the new disposition capability of engagement operations center（EOC）is "one-type equipment， multi-level command hierarchy adaptation； one set of software， multi-role and function configuration". Based on the type configuration analysis of EOC， the operational mode and characteristics of IBCS are discussed. The inspiration and suggestion are put forward based on the above research.